Myths of the Native American Cherokee Tribe

Myths are sacred to all Native American Tribes, and the two popular myths for the Cherokee Indian tribe is The Creation Myth, which explains how the world was made, and the other myth is The First Fire which is about how the fire was discovered. The Cherokees are a very large and powerful American Indian tribe and has a lot of history background and interesting facts. They use their cultural myths in their day to day lives in many different ways. The creation myth is used more in their religion beliefs than the first fire is, but they both are similar with each other. The Cherokee Indians have a personal and trusting relationship with the earth, animals, and Plants to show that they love the earth and trust in it. The creation myth is about how the world was made in the Cherokee Indians point of view. This myth explains how the world was created and all the background information about it, and how and why we have mountains and valleys. The Indians believe that â€Å"The earth was a great island floating in a sea of water, suspended by a cord at each of the four cardinal points, hanging down from the sky vault, which is solid rock†, (Cherokee Beliefs Creation Of Earth), nd they fear that once everybody dies on this earth the earth will go back underground like it was before everyone was created. There was a arch floating on this island of water with a few animals aboard, and on this arch was a little Water-beetle, who went on a journey to see what was under the water, and what he discovered was some mud. The mud some how created a soft surface so that the animals could then walk on, which became the earth which was flat and very wet at first. All of the animals were very anxious to see if the ground was ready to walk on, so each bird on the arch was sent on to check, but they could not find a place to land. Each time something was discovered or complete they would send out a different animal to do that task to help get the earth ready to live on. The father of all Buzzards than flew out to get everything ready, he is the one who made the valleys and mountains. This happened when the Buzzard got very tired of flying, when he was in the Cherokee country his wings would touch the ground Ahich turned into a valley than it turned in a mountains. The sun was created after the earth was dry, the animals saw that it was still very dark. So then the animals got the sun in track so it would come up each day across the island from east to est. The first inept didn’t work due to it being really hot, it took a different animal and seven attempts to get the sun in the sky at a just enough spot. The Indians believe that there is another world under the one we live in. They call it the underground and they say everything down there is the same with animals, plants, and people, the only thing different is the seasons they have. Its not known to whom and when the animals and plants were made, but they were a great use of help when the earth was being created. The animals did a lot of work on trying to get everything in order so they could have some where to live. The plants and animals had to stay up seven nights to test their abilities. Only the owl, the panther and two other animals were able to stay up the full seven nights and were rewarded with the powers to see in the dark and stay awake at night. The tree’s that were able to stay up was the Cedar, the Pine, the Spruce, the Holly and the Laurel, they were giving the ability to always stay green and to be the greatest medicine. Men were created after the plant and animals were. First there was just a brother and sister that was living on earth and then the brother. Then one day he made her multiply by striking her with a ish, which she did. In seven days there was a baby and then every seven days another baby was born. It came to a conclusion that earth couldn’t keep all of the babies, because there were too many and it was dangerous. That’s how it came about that its more healthy for women to only have one child in a year. The animals and people were at one point living in harmony with each other, but then the humans speeded all over the earth and there wasn’t enough room for the animals or plants. Then the animals declared a war against the humans, the animals were really mad, so they each chose a disease to send the humans to make them ill or die. The plants were the only things that was still pure and harmless to one another, they were friendly to both men and plants but, â€Å"when the plants, who were friendly to man heard what had be done by the animals they determined to defeat the latter’s’ evil designs†(Conley pp. 10. After the trees defeated the plan that was made, they cured the humans with their medicine from themselves. The first fire myth explains how fire came about and who was discovered it. In mythology, fire appears both as a creative, cleansing force and as a destructive, punishing one, although positive aspects of fire generally outweigh negative ones. The fire was first made by some thunder that sent their lighting to a empty sycamore tree that was on a island which caught on fire. The earth was really cold, and when all the animals saw that there was fire they did everything they could to get to it. Since the fire was on a island only certain animals could try to retrieve the fire. The Raven had tried first because he was so strong he tried to bring back the fire, but he failed. In the process in trying to bring back the fire, the Raven got all of his feathers scorched black so he flew back. After most of the animals that could fly tried to get the fire failed nd got hurt in the process, none of the other animals that could fly didn’t want to try, because they were afraid. The next animal that tried was the black racer snake, he swam under he water and came up from the bottom of the tree where there was a hole at, and he made up it up the tree. The snake almost had the fire, but it burst in flames in his face and he fell in the hole and climbed out just into, but he got turned all black. By then all of the animals were afraid to try to get the fire, so the animals held a council to see what they should do next, and the rest of them made up xcuses why they couldn’t try to go retrieve the fire. The last brave animal that was willing to make the trip across the island was the water spider. For her journey she weaved a bowl and put it on her backed to carry back the fire in. she crossed over the island and came back with a piece of coal in her bowl still burning. The water spider still wears the bowl strapped around her body to remind everybody how she got the fire. Cherokee Indians were one of the largest native American group in the Unites States. They were one of the most important tribe in the United States and the most civilized. They riginally came from the southeastern region of the United States. The Cherokee people also lived in different parts of the United States, such as Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. The location of the Cherokee Indians changed in the 1800’s, due to the Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears is also known as Indian Removal, is when the government created an Indian territory in Oklahoma, and sent all the Eastern native Americans to live there. The Cherokee people were treated really badly and some died on the long journey to Oklahoma, which resulted in the deaths of 4000 Cherokees. The name Cherokee comes from a Muskoge word meaning speakers of another language, and is pronounced Tsalagi in their language, but the Cherokee language belongs to the Iroquoian . The Cherokee originally called themselves Aniyunwia which means the principal people. The roles of the men and women Cherokee tribe were like their distant cousins the Iroquois. The Cherokee men and women were equal to each other, they had the same amount of power as each other. The men did the hunting, war and diplomacy. For hunting the men would make their own and weapons by hand, the material they used was tomahawks. When the Cherokee man hunters would prepare to hunt for their food, they would pray to the animals to ask for forgiveness from them, than they would continue to hunt, â€Å"Man fasted prayed before hunting, and then offered thanks in a ceremony after killing an animal; on returning to their village, they shared the meat, used all parts of the animal, and often danced to honor the animal†, (Cherokee Indian Heritage and History). The Indians were thankful for the animal that gave them food, but They also felt bad so they honored them to show their appreciation to the animals and earth. Cherokee man would use blowguns to catch birds and sometimes to play a small game. They were good with building things also, building canoes and house frames and roofs. The women in the tribe duties was to be in charge of farming, property, and taking care of their families. The women also made their own tools, they wove mats, blankets, clothing and pottery. When the time came for making important political decisions in the Cherokee tribe the men would step in and play the important role, and when it came down to social decisions for the clan they would be the women place to step in and make the decisions. In the modern time in the Cherokee history women couldn’t be chiefs or anything in higher power, only landowners, and the man could only be the chiefs. Times have changed in the Cherokee tribe and now woman can be chiefs, but some Indians still prefer the traditional way to live. Some activities both genders did in the Cherokee tribe was artwork which is making drums and rattles, music which included them dancing to their traditional songs, storytelling and traditional medicine the pure healing. The Indians were really serious about their ways of healing themselves and others in their tribe. The Cherokee’s would have big ceremonies relating to this process of healing and forgiving with their traditional ways and beliefs. The Cherokee’s religion and beliefs are based up on the protective spirits of the upper world to help them keep balance and harmony on earth, and it connects to the creation myth in a Many different ways. The Cherokee Indians did a lot of rituals, prayers, and ceremonies giving thanks to the earth, plants and animals. They use the creation myth as guide to lead them through their lives. This myth means a lot to the Cherokee Indians and their religion. Even though the Cherokee Indians don’t use the term religion to describe the rituals, ceremonies, the cleaning of their bad feelings, and all of their other daily life styles, every part of their world had some scared connection or religious meaning to it. They began their day and end their nights with daily prayers, rituals, and seasonal ceremonies to deal with their problems and receive guidance and forgiveness from the earth. The Cherokee did a lot of rituals and ceremonies about how to rid all the bad feelings and getting the earth and animals to forgive them. They did special rituals for the animals they have killed â€Å"a hunter was required to follow ertain prescribed rituals, and to apologize to the spirit of the animal he killed† (Conley pg. 7). One of the rituals they did was Going To The Water, the purpose of this ritual is to help get rid of any bad feelings they may have and renew them in a positive way so they can began a fresh start with a clear mind. They began by stepping into a river or creek facing east, and dipping their bodies under the water seven times to come up with a clear mind, â€Å"they prayed to the sevens directions: the four cardinal points, the sky, the earth, and the center-the spirit†, (Cherokee Indian Heritage and History). This was performed by men, women, and children. Another ceremony the Cherokee’s used was called the called The Green Corn Ceremony, which was used to help give them a fresh start and seek forgiveness for their quarrels and any crime they did. This ceremony was held each year at harvest time. The meaning of this ceremony was to forgive one another and get forgiveness from the earth from what they did in their past year. In conclusion the Cherokee Indian were a very powerful tribe, who live their lives by many myths and traditional rituals, which is very sacred to them. They focus on all of the good things in life, they are very respectful and thankful for a lot of things. To show thanks they usually do ceremony or a traditional ritual. The Cherokee Indians have a lot of balance and harmony in their lives. Cherokee Indians have a lot of love for the earth, plants and the animals, most of there stories, rituals, ceremonies, and legends are based upon those three things they love and respect the most. Animals, earth, and the plants all give something to the Cherokee Indians that they can use feed, nurture and protect their tribe.

The Good, the Bad and Samples of a Personal Narrative Essay

The Good, the Bad and Samples of a Personal Narrative Essay Who Else Wants to Learn About Samples of a Personal Narrative Essay? The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Your narrative paper is going to be crafted in a manner that allows it to come live and precisely recreate its story for those readers. Your essay may have a happy or sad ending, based on your story. If the subject of your paper isn't about a really significant matter, you could use an anecdote to begin a paper. The Basic Facts of Samples of a Personal Narrative Essay Unlike another type of essays, personal essays are somewhat more flexible and versatile. Without any of them, you can't compose a decent narrative essay. The essays topic could possibly be about. There are a number of essay topics that you are able to use in your essay. The debut of your essay can begin with a hook. As stated previously, a great essay would stick to the normal personal essay format. A mediocre essay can result in rejection. Even with the very first impression, a narrative essay isn't the simplest of all assignments. The tricky thing about the narrative essay is there are always some limits to the sum of content you may offer your readers with. If necessary, you can change the quantity of body paragraphs in line with the topic. It is very important to stick to a particular template in order to acquire a notion about the contents that should be a portion of the last college application essay. The relevance to the principal statement you make should be quite clear. The New Angle On Samples of a Personal Narrative Essay Just Released Such essays help gauge the writer's capability to write on a particular topic in an engaging method. The writer needs to be in a position to bring an emotional link between the reader and the sub ject. The thought of a compelling first-person narration isn't the just one. While writing a personal narrative, you should concentrate on only one experience. The Appeal of Samples of a Personal Narrative Essay A personal narrative essay is just one of the greatest tools to stop social issues which are often disregarded. From time to time, however, a narrative isn't about such essential topics. Obviously, your joke also needs to be about the topic and be appropriate. Contrary to other objective essays it not only provides the huge picture but in addition provides the inside specifics of the circumstance. The Lost Secret of Samples of a Personal Narrative Essay Templates like Descriptive Essay about Office can be helpful for an individual who's planning to stop by an office. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Students, utilize the work chart below to lead you in your own personal narrative writing. Body paragraphs reveal the principa l events explained in the essay. Based on the duration of the essay, quite a few body paragraphs will be different. Creating an outline is a significant portion of a very good narrative essay. Key Pieces of Samples of a Personal Narrative Essay Whenever you choose to ask us for skilled aid, don't hesitate to speak to our support managers. Such approach always pays off because it provides you an exceptional insight into the practice of essay writing that is targeted at achieving excellent outcomes. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment right away and can help you boost your grades. In addition, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. Give a concise introduction of all of the people that you write about including yourself. It is wise to look for the one which has an excellent reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable prices. Our exclusive offerings and exclusive f eatures make us stand from the lot. If you need an example written by means of a student check out our vast selection of completely free student models. The bulk of individuals are placed into a dilemma in regards to writing a narrative essay. It's better to review your draft two or three times and choose on what you'd love to share or not. The liberty of choice is something which troubles many narrative essay writers. There are students who dread the notion of narrative essays, not because they thinks it is not cool but because they may be very personal and thus challenging to write, in the feeling that simply recalling some terrible experiences can be quite painful.

Masters Of Death The Ss Einsatzgruppen And The Invention...

Richard Rhodes. Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. New York: A.A. Knopf, 2002 In Masters of Death, Richard Rhodes examines what the Nazi Party of the 1930s and 1940s stemmed from, how they got to be in World War II, and why they had such an evil hatred for the Jews of Germany, Poland, and surrounding countries. When most people think of the Holocaust, they think of the more famous concentration camps like Auschwitz or Warsaw. But Richard Rhodes gives detailed accounts of more â€Å"non-famous† concentration camps. Hitler’s youth and upbringing is explained in the book and why some theorist believe that he convinced so many Germans to act upon the Jews. Richard Rhodes argues and describes in the book, â€Å"what made it possible for men, some of them ‘ordinary men,’ to kill so many people so ruthlessly?† In the first few chapters, Rhodes describes how poorly the treatment of non-Aryan people were in the beginning, which only led to even harsher actions. To read that poor boy scouts being shot for no reason was excruciating. The thought of mass graves and not even knowing the person before you kill them, the brutality that non-Aryan Germans and Poles faced, and having the disable persons killed first is just inhumane. Heydrich made a point to tell the Einsatzgruppen leaders â€Å"not to interfere with ‘any purges that may be initiated by anti-Communist or anti-Jewish elements in the newly occupies territories.† (17), and that â€Å"†¦ 20 to 30Show MoreRelatedsergio1510 Words   |  7 PagesDarwin s idea of the survival of the fittest to the human world. The master race would become the Volkgemeinschaft, and the inferior and weak would become victims. The theory of eugenics (which argued that society should discourage unfit members from breeding) was also i nfluential. Mein Kampf developed Hitler s ideas. He blamed the Jews for Germany s troubles, claimed they were responsible for the invention of Marxism, for Germany s defeat in WWI and for the subsequent humiliationRead MoreHitler and the Third Reich Essay2208 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the Holocaust six million Jews died at the hands of a despicable man; Adolf Hitler. While many perished in the extermination camps, malnutrition, disease, execution and medical experimentation were other methods of the Jews annihilation. In 1933, before WW II there were approximately nine million Jews living in Germany. By the end of WW II six million Jews had died. In this paper the researcher will attempt to give accurate accounts as to how Adolf Hitler came to power, why he killed

Alzheimer s Disease Caring For Caregivers - 1898 Words

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More Government Assistance for College Free Essays

The importance of college education is undeniably evident in today’s economy and society.   What makes college education a very important factor is because it provides greater opportunity, to an individual, especially when it comes to making career and financial-related decisions. As opposed to generations of the past, high school graduates today are unable to obtain the number of high-paying jobs that were once available. We will write a custom essay sample on More Government Assistance for College or any similar topic only for you Order Now The world is continuously being been transformed from a manufacturing-based economy to an economy based on knowledge. In fact, experts predict that in the near future, around 90 percent of the fastest-growing jobs and careers would require college education. Moreover, it is also evident that in the present society, the major benefit of having college education is that college graduates receive salaries that are twice as much as those of undergraduates, aside from this, college graduates are also twice as much likely to be accepted in a job application, as compared to an undergraduate. With the continuously increasing importance of a post secondary education, the cost of it also continuously escalates. At present, the cost of college, in most countries, has been so expensive, that many would wonder whether, the high cost of tuition fees and school fees, the years to be spent in college instead of choosing to be in full-time employment, and the anxieties of keeping up with college life and financial constraints for a couple of years, in the long run, would still be worth the investment. The risk is especially large for those that belong to low-income families that already have difficulties in making ends meet, as tuition fees would definitely be an additional financial burden. Due to these constraints and various others, countries from all over the world are in grave danger of facing a societal phenomenon known as brain drain. Brain drain will arise when majority of the citizens of the society will lack education. This will happen then people, would focus on only obtaining secondary education and basic skills. The best form of remedy for this type of situation is for the government to provide greater support for College education especially in financial terms. The aim of this project is to be able to request the government to provide more assistance for college education. If the government makes a financial investment in College education, for sure that in the long run, the country’s citizens will feel be the ones to feel the benefit that will impact in the near future. Good education is beneficial in many view points. Increased government support in college education will result to a country with a higher number of educated and globally competitive professionals. This would automatically correspond to an increase in the economic status of the country. Also, it can be expected that the overall crime rate, in the country would decrease correspondingly. Background Information According to a recent study made in the U.S., about 76 percent of students that finish education would pursue a college degree, of the remaining 24 percent, 75 percent would not pursue college due to financial constraints. The goal should not be to determine whether college education is worth the investment or not, for there should be no question to this, college education is definitely of great value. The goal should be to answer on how to make college education more affordable. Post secondary education will provide students and individuals with the great opportunity to read books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their field of study, and from this they can pick-up vital ideas in choosing their careers. This form of stimulation would encourage students to think, ask questions, try out and explore new ideas, which consequently provides additional growth and development in their well-being as a person, and provides the college graduates with an edge in the job market over those who were not fortunate enough to have experienced a college education. The importance of a college education is also emphasized because of the opportunity to gain valuable resources during your tenure. During college life, students will be able to make relevant connections and affiliations with people and organizations that will later help them in the career which they would pursue. The more connections which are collected during your college years, the more options you will have when you begin your job search. Once the job search has ended, and a good and steady career has been obtained, however, the importance and benefits of a college education has not yet been exhausted. Having a college degree often provides for greater and faster opportunity for promotions. A good education is beneficial from many different viewpoints, and while the importance of a college education is quite evident for many high school students, what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education. Although most of the colleges and universities at present would carry a very heavy price tag, it is of great importance not to let that discourage prospective college students from obtaining a college education. While the cost of tuition continues to rise, so should government support and financial aid continue to rise along with it. From local and federal options, to categorical and corporate options, college-bound students have variety opportunities worth exploring when attempting to obtain financial aid. A common misrepresentation of financial aid packages (e.g. scholarships, grants, loans, work study programs) is that they would be sufficient enough to provide funding for an entire college education. The reality is that most of these packages are smaller and it may take several of them to add up. If you are still asking yourself why you should go to college, it is important to remember the significant amount of opportunity available for college graduates compared to the minimal opportunity available for college undergraduates. The global economy is becoming increasingly more competitive, and in order to give yourself the best chance for a well-paying job, you must first understand the importance of college education. Attending college provides students with the knowledge and experience they are unable to receive from a secondary education, and finding a way to fund a higher education now can pay off in a huge way in the years to come. During their high school career, students may begin to question the importance of a college education. They might find themselves asking, â€Å"Why is it important to go to college?† The answer is that, more than ever, attending college provides opportunities for graduates which are not as widespread to those who have not received a higher education. For many students that attended high school, being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought, that most often, the importance of obtaining a college degree may be disregarded. Most often, they may also be repelled by the rising cost of tuition fees. This is exactly what the country should try to avoid. While it is true that a higher education may be one of the largest expenses, the importance of a college education has become quite evident in terms of earning potential and financial independence, within today’s economy. Research and Methods As a starting point, it will be relevant to review the statistics of the trend in the number of college enrollees at about ten years ago and up to the present. This will provide relevant data on whether college enrollment has increase or decrease within the past decade. Taking into consideration the obtained information, solutions would be drawn on as to how to increase or further increase college enrollments. Interviews on college students should also be conducted, from this, data as to what constraints are being most common to college students can be achieved. From this gathered data, solutions on how to minimize the constraints being faced by college students should be drawn. Questionnaires should also be prepared and distributed to Colleges and Universities; this will serve as a wide-scale data gathering procedure. Data should also be gathered from secondary students. Likewise, questionnaires should also be distributed and interviews should also be conducted. The goal would be to gather data and draw a conclusion as to determine the major factor on why most secondary school students would choose to immediately enter corporate life or employment, rather than pursue a college degree. In gathering data it is important to handle, personal information from responders especially from interviews, with at most care and confidentiality. Based on the data and information which will be gathered, solutions should be formulated. Formulated solutions should be formally presented to the government. Data and results should have high credibility and integrity for it will the major basis for the support, projects, and resolutions, which will be provided by the government. A formal proposal would be presented to the government, indicating the nature and relevance of the project, the present problem, a detailed and well-presented data analysis and results, Cited possible solutions and a feasibility study on how likely the proposed solutions to the problem would be effective. For this study, a budget of about $250.00 would be sufficient enough as for the data gathering materials, travel expenses, research expenses, printing, and other miscellaneous expenses. It is expected that the success of this study would lead to a significantly higher number of people that would be taking college education; and likewise there would be an increase in the number of college students that would finish their college degree. In the long run, it is expected that these results would correspond to an increase in the economical, social, ethical, moral, and cultural growth of the country, and its citizens as a whole. References Boesel, D., ; Fredland, E. (1999). College for all? Is there too much emphasis on getting a 4-year college degree? Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Library of Education. Cohn, E., ; Geske, T.G. (1992). Private Nonmonetary Returns to Investment in Higher Education. In Becker, W. ; Lewis, D. The Economics of American Higher Education. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Day, J.C., ; Newburger, E.C. (2002). The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings. (Current Population Reports, Special Studies, P23-210). Washington, DC: Commerce Dept., Economics and Statistics Administration, Census Bureau. [On-Line]. Available: http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-210.pdf Institute for Higher Education Policy (1998). Reaping the Benefits: Defining the Public and Private Value of Going to College. The New Millennium Project on Higher Education Costs, Pricing, and Productivity. Washington, DC: Author. U.S. Department of Education (2001). Digest of Education Statistics 2001. [On-Line]. U.S. Department of Education (2000). Think College Early: Average College Costs. How to cite More Government Assistance for College, Essay examples

Genetic Engineering in Agriculture Essay Example For Students

Genetic Engineering in Agriculture Essay Among the millions of species that inhabit the planet, only twenty species provide ninety percent of the human food supply (Montgomery 2000). Since the introduction of genetic engineering, however, livestock and crops have a more productive future. Transfer of engineered genes from organism to organism occurs through hybridization, conjugation, and transformation in microorganisms. By the substitution of genes into agricultural species, biodiversity can flourish to improve social and economic development. Although methods of gene and DNA implantation quickly develop advanced products, even precise genetic alterations do not ensure that the environment will remain balanced or that changes in the genome will not occur. With careful design and a good understanding of transgenic organisms, minimal ecological and social risks will occur with the development of genetically engineered organisms. To improve methods of plant breeding, farmers turn to the hybridization of genes. New genes from wild species are transferred into cultivated varieties of similar crops to attain desired traits. Specific properties such as disease resistance, stress tolerance, and nutritional qualities are advantageous to the farmer because more time is spent on cultivation rather than outside interferences. However, crossbreeding results in mass amounts of genes transferring to the plant recipient, only a few of which are desired. Thus, only sexually compatible species of the crop can be used to breed (Horsch 1993). Farmers using crossbreeding and hybridizing methods are able to attain improved products, but could cause great damage to the genome in the transfer of unknown, undesired genes (Geweke 1999). In more recent biotechnology, breeders are turning to genetic transformation as a more precise method of genetic engineering. Instead of transferring large blocks of genes from donor plant to recipient, small isolated blocks of genes are put into the plant chromosome through biolistics, vectors, or protoplast transformation (Horsch 1993). Biolistics is a technique that shoots the gene block into the potential host cell. In order for the process to succeed, the microscopic particles and DNA must enter the cell nuclei and combine with the plant chromosome. Biolistics is commonly used but has a slight failure risk since the breeder has little control over the destination of the gene block (Mooney Bernardi 1990). Bacteria or viruses can also carry the gene blocks into a new cell. Common vectors in gene transfer between plants are Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. In the soil, the bacteria will infect the plants with their own plasmid, transferring the desired gene that was placed in the bacterias DNA. Vector gene transfer is a preferred method of transformation since this modification already occurs naturally in the environment (Rudolph McIntire 1996). Last is protoplast transformation, which uses enzymes to dissolve the cellulose in the plant wall that leaves a protoplast. Once a specific gene block is added to the protoplast, the cell wall will re-grow into a transgenic plant. Direct manipulation of DNA focuses on selective breeding, altering organisms to achieve higher quality products and more of them. These improved crop modifications center either on agronomic traits or quality traits (Nielsen 1999). Reductions of herbicides, insecticides, and water usage are some effects of replacing plants with desired properties. Farmers choose these agronomic traits to reduce their costs of poisons and water, therefore increasing profitability. Quality traits focus more on the consumer of the product. By improving product characteristics such as phenotype, nutritional value, and preservation, consumers will benefit. In return, agricultural industries will be able to sell products at a higher price and increase their profit in the near future. Beneficial crop modification through agronomical trait selection Transgenic organisms can be designed to minimize the chance of environmental risks. The agronomic traits that farmers select for crops improve the control of pest insects, plant pathogens, weeds, and water. The main toxin used for insect pest control is a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). By inserting the Bt virus, crops have an internal resistance to insects and pests, which allows the farmer to decrease insecticide sprays. Agrochemicals serve as a good protection against insects, but are not as ecologically sound as gene transformation since outside plants and trees can be accidentally sprayed (Horsch 1993). Why We Should Stop Animal Testing EssayAnother social issue that is greatly debated is the public acceptance of genetically modified organisms. As with any new technology, people are naturally cautious about change. To examine the scientific issues and data needed to assure safety of food products by genetic modification, the food industry formed the International Food Biotechnology Council. Even though transgenic plants have not yet made booming achievements in the market place, safety assessment is still being conducted. In order to appease people’s concerns over food production, consumers must be able to choose whether or not to purchase the genetically modified product. This requires complete and reliable information as to whether food products consist of modified organisms or have been produced using genetic engineering techniques. Labeling requirements should be regulated and the USDA must approve products being put on the market. As for ethical issues, views ranging from extreme to rational sweep the minds of people. On the extreme side, some people are concerned with the issue of cannibalism when using human gene copies. Does eating a cow with transferred human genes make me a cannibal? From any direction one looks at this question, the answer is no. If a consumer eats a tomato with a corn gene in the chromosome, she is still eating a tomato that looks and tastes like a tomato. However, so many genes can be used for genetic transfer that using human genes is not really necessary. Another question on consumer minds is are we playing God? Some can argue yes because natural selection and evolution should occur without the interference of humans.However, genetic engineering in agriculture can also be considered another form of natural selection, just speeded up. Technological advances in history have allowed humans to produce complex machines and life saving vaccines. Most people have accepted the wide use of co mputers and rely on vaccines for disease resistance. Eventually, people will be able to understand that biotechnology is not a matter of playing God, but improving human and environmental life through the careful application of new scientific knowledge. Vegetarians have also voiced opinions on altering plant genes. When animal DNA is used in developing genetically modified crops, products can be considered not purely vegetarian. With appropriate labeling, vegetarians can make their own personal choice of whether or not to consume genetically modified crops. Economic concerns are few to none in the consideration of genetic engineering in agriculture. Since herbicide-resistant crops reduce the amount of herbicides used, farmers will be spending less money on them. With insect-resistant crops, less money spent on pesticides and chemicals create a greater profit for the farmer. Food production will also be greatly increased since genetically modified food can be produced much faster tha n normal developing rates of natural harvests. This means that food industries can put higher quality food of higher quantity on the market. Most engineered organisms will probably pose minimal ecological risk. Many genetically engineered organisms will be modified, domesticated species living under controlled agricultural conditions. Although domesticated animals sometimes establish untamed populations, most crop plants cannot easily be converted into organisms that can survive and reproduce without human support. However, in cases where an organism may persist without human intervention or when a genetic exchange is made between a transformed organism and an unaltered organism, an assessment of environmental risk is required. This ecological oversight should be directed at promoting effectiveness while guarding against potential problems. Different organisms, traits, and environments present different adverse effects, making it difficult to establish regulation of transgenic organ isms. Ecological knowledge, however, should be useful in developing regulatory policy and recognizing the degree of risk associated with different attributes of engineered traits, organisms, and environments. With small controlled field testing, categorization of genetically produced organisms, strictly enforced regulatory policies, and consistency of regulation, ecological risks should be easy to control and keep at a minimal level. Transgenic organisms themselves can also be designed to reduce the chance of environmental perturbations. The choice of the trait and parent organism used, the form of the genetic alteration, and the control of spread is focused on to prevent the likelihood of undesirable effects. In addition, the conditions of the organism’s introduction can be planned to minimize potential problems. Genetic engineering technology holds exceptional promise for improving agricultural production and keeping it environmentally sound. Potential benefits include high er productivity of crops and livestock, increased pest control and reduced pesticide use, reduced fertilizer use, and improved conservation of soil and water resources. Along with the potential benefits for agriculture come some risks. The release and regulation of genetically engineered organisms into the environment could cause devastating results.The loss of naturally wild flora and fauna, insect resistance to genetic pesticides, â€Å"super weed† growth, development of new plant pathogens, and potential slowing of biodiversity. Therefore, time and effort must be devoted to laboratory and field-testing before the release of genetically engineered organisms. Without caution and suitable regulation, environmental problems are likely to arise and the expected benefits of genetic engineering are likely to be jeopardized. But with careful design and a good understanding of transgenic organisms, genetic engineering in agriculture will push our society closer to a balanced agro-e cological system, allowing biodiversity to flourish and improving social and economic development. Bibliography:Altieri, M. (1998). The environmental risk of Transgenic Crops: an agroecological assessment (research paper). California: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley. Brooks, R.A. Maes, P. (Eds.). (1996). Artificial Life IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Geweke, J.F. et al. (Eds.). (1999). Sowing seeds of Change. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Ginzburg, L.R. (Ed.). (1991). Assessing ecological risks of Biotechnology. Boston, Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinmann. Horsch, R.B. (1993, November 29). The production and uses of Genetically Transformed Plants. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 342, (pp. 287-291). Great Britain: The Royal SocietyLevin, M.A. Strauss, H.S. (Eds.). (1991). Risk assessment in Genetic Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Network. (n.d.) About the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Issues and ethics surrounding Genetic Engineering of foods. (2000, November 27). Mooney, H.A. Bernardi, G. (Eds.). (1990). Introduction of Genetically Modified Organisms into the environment. Wiley, New York: International Council of Scientific Unions. Nielsen, C.P. (1999). Economic effects of applying Genetic Engineering in agriculture (Report No. 110). Copenhagen: Danish Institute of Agriculture and Fisheries Economics. Nottingham, S. (1996). Eat your Genes. London, New York: Zed Books. Paoletti, M.G. Pimentel, D. (1996). Genetic Engineering in agriculture and the environment: assessing Risks and Benefits. (2000, November 27). Pollan, M. (1998, October 25). Playing god in the Garden. New York Times Sunday Magazine. 12-19. Reaka-Kudla, M.L. et al. (Eds.). (1997). Biodiversity II: understanding and protecting our Biological Resources. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. Regal, P.J. (1996). Metaphysics in Genetic Engineering: cryptic philosophy and ideology in â€Å"Science† of risk. In Dommelen, A.V. (Ed.). Coping with deliberate release: the limits of Risk Assessment (pp. 15-32). Buenos Aires: Tilburg. Rissler, J. Mellon, M. (1996). The ecological risks of Engineered Crops. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Rudolph, F.B. McIntire, L.V. (Eds.). (1996). Biotechnology. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. Wright, S. (1996). Splicing away regulations down on the Animal Pharm (Technical Paper). Michigan: The Nation Company, University of Michigan.

The Criminal Justice Process Felony Charges Essays - Florida

The Criminal Justice Process: Felony Charges George Hinton CRJ308: Psychology of Criminal Behavior David Ojo 3/20/17 Criminal Case Study - Aileen Wuornos I. The criminal case and history of Aileen Wuornos, known as "America's first female serial killer", represents an example of social learning theory and its effect. Aileen Wuornos was tried, convicted, and executed for the murder of seven men in Central Florida. A. Wuornos was tried and convicted of murdering seven men between 1989 & 1990 B. Florida State Prison Officials executed Wuornos for six of the seven killings s and she died by way of state-administered lethal injection in 2002. C. Serial Killer Defined II. Childhood of Wuornos A. Wuornos was raised by grandparents after being abandoned by her parents. 1. She lived in an abusive environment with her grandparents. 2. She was molested at youth and pregnant by age 14. 3. She took to life of promiscuity, drugs, and alcohol B. Prostitution / Life on the Streets 1. She was thrown out of home at age of 15. 2. She lived on streets and hitchhiked III. Criminal Acts A. Prostitution B. Other Arrests IV. Conclusion "Wuornos's childhood may hold the key to many of the reasons she behaved in such a violent, reckless, remorseless, manner", (Adams, 2009). By using the social learning /social control theory, one could easily relate to the belief that Wuornos was a product of her environment. References: DeLisi, M. (2013). Criminal Psychology. San Diego, CA. Bridgepoint Education Inc. https://bbcsulb.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/blog/view_user.d2l?ownerId=72322 https://russiarobinson.wordpress.com/2015/11/05/serial-killer-aileen- wuornos-applying-sociology-theories-to-crime-and-behavior/ Adams, C. (2009, July). Crime 101: What is the link between self-control theory, serial killer, and aileen wuornos. The Examiner, Retrieved from http://www.examiner.com/article/crime-101-what-is-the-link-between-self- control-theory-serial-killing-and-aileen-wuornos-part-1